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CliffsAP
Biology

®

3RD EDITION

by Phillip E. Pack

CliffsAP
Biology

®

3RD EDITION

by Phillip E. Pack

About the Author Phillip E. Pack taught AP Biology for eleven years. He is currently Professor of Biology at Woodbury University in Burbank, California. He teaches courses in biology, human biology, botany, field botany, environmental studies, and evolution, and co-teaches various interdisciplinary courses, including energy and society (with architecture faculty) and natural history of California and nature writing (with English faculty). Author’s Acknowledgments To Mary and Megan
CliffsAP® Biology, 3rd Edition Published by: Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2007 Phillip E. Pack Published by Wiley, Hoboken, NJ Published simultaneously in Canada Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Publisher’s Acknowledgments Editorial Project Editor: Kelly Dobbs Henthorne Acquisitions Editor: Greg Tubach Composition Proofreader: Jennifer Stanley Wiley Publishing, Inc. Composition Services

Note: If you purchased this book without a cover, you should be aware that this book is stolen property. It was reported as “unsold and destroyed” to the publisher, and neither the author nor the publisher has received any payment for this “stripped book.”

Pack, Phillip E. CliffsAP biology / by Phillip E. Pack. — 3rd ed. p. cm. ISBN-13: 978-0-470-09764-9 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 0-470-09764-7 1. Biology—Examinations—Study guides. 2. Universities and colleges—United States—Entrance examinations—Study guides. 3. Advanced placement programs (Education)—Study guides. I. Title. II. Title: Cliffs AP biology. III. Title: Cliffs advanced placement biology. IV. Title: Advanced placement biology. QH316.P34 2007 570.76—dc22 2007015552 ISBN: 978-0-470-09764-9 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in...