1. Would Peace Support Operations (PSOs) be a thing of the past? The answer to this question is unlikely to be in the affirmative since the insatiable nature of man persists, leading to clashes of interests and eventual conflict with others. This human nature that influences relations between individuals also prevails within and between nations often resolved by might. The great historian, Jean Jacque Babel observes that, ‘‘over the last 5 ½ millennia, the planet lived in peace for a mere 292 years... In the long period, there had been 14,500 wars, big and small, that carried off an astronomical 3.64 billion people.’’[i] Added to this was the loss of 7.34 million more lives in the First World War alone.[ii] The League of Nations was, therefore, formed in 1919 as a global mechanism against all forms of aggression. In furtherance of the same objective, the Kellogg – Briand Pact was signed by over 60 countries on 27 August 1928 banning all forms of war.[iii] However, both had a crippling beginning and early demise having been buried on the same day with the first casualties of the Second World War in 1939, with a further loss of about 42 million lives.[iv] These astronomical casualty figures, in the face of mankind’s inability to resolve conflicts peacefully, suggest the need for an alternative collective security mechanism.
2. The United Nations (UN) Charter came to live in 1945 as a global solution where ‘‘We the people of the United Nations (became) determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind…’’[v] The organisation has so far succeeded in preventing global conflicts, but contends with lethal and fluid limited...