• “How the External Environment Affects Managers” subsection in the “The External Environment: Constraints and Challenges” section in Ch. 2 of Management.
o Environmental uncertainty
o Stakeholders
• Ch. 8 of Management
o Goal: Objectives: Desired outcomes or targets
Plans
o Planning: Defining the organization’s goals, establishing strategies for achieving those goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate work activities
o Stated goal:
o Documents that outline how goals are going to be met
o Official statements of what an organization says, and what it wants its various stakeholders to believe, its goals are
o Real goals
o Goals that an organization actually pursues, as defined by the actions of its members
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o Strategic plans
o Plans that apply to the entire organization and establish the organization’s overall goals
o Operational plans
o Plans that encompass a particular operational area of the organization
o Specific Plans
o Plans that are clearly defined and leave no room for interpretation
o Directional Plans
o Plans that are flexible and set out general guidelines
o Long-term plans
o Plans with a time frame beyond three years
o Short-term plans
o Plans covering one year or less
o Single-use plan
o A one-time plan specifically designed to meet the needs of a unique situation
o Standing plans
o Ongoing plans that provide guidance for activities performed repeatedly
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o Traditional goal setting
o An approach to setting goals in which top managers set goals that then flow down through the organization and become subgoals for each organizational area means-ends chain
o An integrated network of goals in which the accomplishment of goals at one level serves as the means for achieving the...